Marketing

Introduction

Marketing nowadays is a managerial domain that has an increasing strategic importance to business results and ultimately to the shareholder value. The enormous changes in the global market environment explain today’s pressures for greater marketing effectiveness.

Businesses succeed when they meet the wants of customers more effectively than the competitors. Corporate profitability depends primarily on the company’s sustainable ability to offer products and services, which customers choose to pay for. Though this involves the efforts of virtually all departments in an oorganization, the marketing department, by virtue of its touch with the customers, typically has the largest role.

Marketing concept

Marketing is the creation of long-term demand. Products are made and servises are provided in responce tu consumer needs or wants. This means that marketing put the consumer first. The problem is to make the consumer aware of the product and it‘s advantages. The basic function of marketing is tu determine the needs of the customers, to satisfy them and ofcourse the mmost important thing is to bring a profit to the company.

A company that believes in marketing is forward – thonking company and does not rest on it;s past achievements: it must be aware of its strenghts and weaknesses as well aas the opportunities and threats it faces in the market (SWOT).

Marketers have to identify or anticipate a consumer want. Design a product or service which satisfy consumer need. Persuade target consumers try a product and in long term modify it to satisfy changes in market conditions. They must supply exactly what the customer wants. They can do this by offering the riht marketing mix: “The Four P‘s“:

• the right product;

• at the right price;

• available through the right channels of distribution: place;

• presentented in the right way: promotion.

Product

The product is the full bundle of goods and services offered to the customer. This includes the appearance, functionality, and support or non-tangibles the customer will receive. The physical product itself is part of “product” aas well as any packaging it arrives in. Products can range all of the way from goods people need every day to live, like milk, tuna or vegetables or they can be very high end dream products, like a private jet. Having the right product for your target market (that’s the people or businesses you want to sell to) requires knowing what they need and want.

Some manufacturers use their name (family name, e.g. Philips, Colgate) for all their products. Others mmarket various products under individual brand names, (Procter&Gamble). The Major producers are famous for their multi-brand strategy which allows them to compete in various market segments, and to fill shelf space in shops, thereby leaving less room for competitors.

Since differnt products are always at different stages of their life cycles. With growing, stable or declining sales and because markets, opportunities and resourcesare in constant evolution, companies are always looking to the future, and re0evaluating their product mix. Companies whose objectives include high market share and market growth generally have long product lines. Companies whose objectives is high profitability will have shorter lines, including only profitable items. Additions to product lines can be result of either lenght-streching or line-filling.

Line streching means lenghtening a product line by moving either uo-market or down market, for example making items of higher or lower quality. This can be carried out in order to reach new customers, to enter growing or more profitable market segments to react to competitor‘s initiatives. Line-filling means adding further items in that part of a product range which a line already covers might be done in order to compet in competitor‘s niches tu utilise excess production capacity. A total product iincludes the image of the product as well as its features and benefits.

Price

Price making it easy for the customers to buy. The marketing view of pricing takes account of the value of a product, its quality, the ability of the customer to pay, the volume of sales required, the level of market saturation and the prices charged by the competition.

„Price“ is pretty self-explanatory but it’s very important to your success. Price something too high and you may never sell a single item of it. Price it too low and you can lose money on every sale once all of your costs of doing business are considered. So you want to price it attractively so that you can sell it to your clients and they’ll feel good about the purchase.

Price is a factor in many people’s decisions. They can’t see your expertise. They can’t see your insight. They can’t see how your past experience will help you provide solutions for them. They can see price.

Sometimes if you are higher priced, people think that you must be better. But often, high fees will scare prospects away. When people are making a decision to buy a service, they will make it based on how much they like you or trust you in addition to price.

Place

Place. Getting the product to the customer. This is where and how your product is distributed and sold. Will you sell it yourself, through a broker, or a distributor? Will you run a retail store or sell only to retailers? If a service, do you deliver in person or through the internet or telephone? These questions all involve “place”.

Decisions have to be made about the channels of distribution and delivery arrangements. Retail products may go through various channels of distribution. Each stage adds value to the product to justify the costs: the middle-man is someone whose own sales force and delivery system can make the product more easily and cost-effectively available to the largest number of customers.

One principle behind this is breaking down the bulk; the producer may sell in minimum quantities of, say 10 000 lt to the wholeseler, who sells in minimum quantities of 100 lt to the retailer, who sells in minimum quantities of 1 lt to the end user. Thus, distribution is done through wholesalers and then retailers, who each add value to the product by

• providing a good service to the customers and

• stocking

a wide range of similar products.

Promotion

Companies have to develop good products or services, price them attractively, and make them acdesible to their target consumers. But this is not enough: they also have to use various promotional tools to generate sales. In promoting a product the attention of potentional customer is attracted an interest in the product, arroused creating a desire for the product, encouranging customers to take prompt action (AIDA).

Since budgets are always limited, marketers usually have to decide which ttools-advertising, public relations, sales promotion or personal selling to use and in what proportion.

Public relations is concerned with maintaining, improving or protecting the image of a company or product. The most important element of RR is publicity. Many companies attempt to place stories of information in new media to attract atention to a product or service. Publicity can have impact on public awareness.

Sales promotions such as free samples, coupons, price reductions, competitions, and so on, are temporary tactict designed to sstimulate either earlier or stronger sales of a product. Free samples, for exaple, may generate the initial awareness of a new product. But the majority of products available at anytime are of course in the maturity stage of the lifecycle. TThis may last many years, until the products begins to be replaced by new ones and enters the decline stage.

Personal selling is the most expensive promotional tool, and is generally only used sparingly. As well as prospecting for customer, spreading information about a company‘s products and services, selling these products and services, and assisting customers with posssible technical problems, sales people have another important function.Since they are often the only person from a company that customers see, they are an extremely important channel of information.

Market segmentation

Segmentation is important as buyers have unique needs and wants. In segmenting a market, marketers look for broad classes of buyers who differ in their needs. There is no one right way of segmenting markets. AA marketer has several bases available to him/her for the segmentation of markets.

It is the division of a heterogeneous market consisting of buyers with different needs and wants, into homogeneous segments of buyers with similar needs and wants. Therefore, the segments are heterogeneous between (ie. all the segments are different, eg. one segment all males, one segment all females) themselves, but homogeneous within (eg. within the male segment, all buyers are male; within the female segment, all buyers are ffemale).

Market segmentation is the division of a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require different products or marketing mixes.

Vocabulary

1. long-term demand ilgalaikė paklausa

2. execution of marketing strategies marketingo strategijų ___________________________________________________vykdymas

3. superfluous atliekamas, nereikalingas

4. to provide tiekti

5. response atsiliepimas

6. particular product būtent tas produktas

7. to offer siūlyti

8. to aware of a product informuoti apie produktą

9. basic function pagrindinė funkcija

10. to determine nustatyti

11. marketing research rinkos tyrimas

12. political publicity politinis viešumas

13. fair mugė

14. to persuade to buy įkalbinti pirkti

15. prospective buyer būsimas pirkėjas

16. public relations visuomeniniai ryšiai

17. reliability of the company kompanijos patikimumas

18. respectful attitude pagarbus požiūris

19. presentation of film filmo pastatymas

20. achievement laimėjimas, pasiekimas

21. to design a product sukurti produktą

22. to develope tobulinti, vystyti

23. to identify nustatyti, atpažinti

24. to influence consumer wants įtakoti vartotojo norus

25. to modify pakeisti

26. to anticipate numatyti

27. target consumer vartotojas kaip taikinys

28. channels of distribution pasiskirstymo kanalai

29. the marketing concept marketingo sąvoka

30. driving force perkamoji galia

31. to produce what people want tiekti ko nori žmonės

32. carry out market research atlikti rinkos tyrimą

33. marketing mix rinkodaros kompleksas

34. promotion reklama, rėmimas

35. division padalinys, skyrius

36. aesthetic estetinis

37. forward company pažangi kompanija

38. to face grėsti

39. to decline mažėti

40. ability galimybė

41. volume of sales pardavimų apimtis

42. market saturation rinkos prisotinimas

43. delivery pristatymas

44. arrangemet sutvarkymas, susitarimas

45. retail mažmeninė prekyba

46. justify the costs padengti kaštus

47. middle-man tarpininkas

48. challenge iššūkis

49. to allow leisti

50. warranty garantija

51. delivery pristatymas

52. gimmick triukas

53. to supply goods tiekti prekes

54. to possess valdyti

55. wholesale didmeninė prekyba

56. to involve apimti

57. after-sales service papildomas pardavimas

58. proposition pasiūlymas

59. feature savybė

60. desire noras

61. prompt action greitas veiksmas

62. purchaser pirkėjas

63. faset aspektas

64. recoup kompensuoti

65. flow srautas

66. trend-setter naujos mados nustatytojas

67. queue eilė, kasa

68. superficial paviršutinis

69. to diminsh sumažinti

70. credit paskola

71. deposit indėlis

72. to fluctuate svyruoti

73. market segmentation rinkos segmentavimas

74. quotation kursas

75. order įsakymas

76. invoice sąskaita

77. maintenance palaikymas

78. to dictinguished įžymus

79. constitute sudaryti

80. stable evolution pastovus vystymasis

81. to include apimti

82. profitable pelningas

83. excess perteklius

84. capacity gabumas, sugebėjimas

85. variation permaina

86. to cover slėpti

87. additional papildomas

88. proportion santykis

89. awareness supratimas

90. maturity subrendimas, užbaigtumas

91. convenient patogus

92. prosperity geovė, klestėjimas

93. durable ilgalaikis

94. portable kilnojamas

95. money-hoarding pinigų kaupimas

96. divisible dalomas

97. receipt kvitas

98. lender skolintojas

99. commitment įvykdymas

100, issue išleidimas

101, origin pradžia, kilmė

102, bearer įteikėjas

103, to handle tvarkyti

104, request reikalavimas

105, scarce